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I. Basic Structure: Predominance of Single-Layer Paper
Most everyday paper products-such as printing and writing paper-are constructed as single-layer sheets. The manufacturing process involves pulping plant fibers (e.g., wood or bamboo), dispersing them uniformly, and forming a cohesive sheet through dehydration and pressing. According to ISO 536:2019, single-layer paper typically has a grammage between 5 and 150 g/m² and a thickness ranging from 0.05 to 0.25 mm (source: International Paper Technology Association). Its advantages include light weight and cost efficiency, making it suitable for mass printing and writing applications.
It should be noted that while termed "single-layer," the structure is not entirely homogeneous. Microscopic examination reveals natural stratification due to fiber entanglement-not artificial lamination-which influences properties such as ink absorption and tensile strength. For example, copy paper exhibits higher fiber density, whereas Xuan paper retains porous structures to facilitate ink diffusion.
II. Specialized Papers: Multi-Layer Design Principles
Certain papers employ composite layering to achieve enhanced functionality:
1. Functional Enhancement
Cardstock (e.g., for business cards) is often laminated, with grammage ranging from 200 to 400 g/m² and thickness up to 0.3–0.6 mm (source: China National Pulp & Paper Research Institute).
Corrugated board consists of three components-linerboard, fluted medium, and back liner-achieving compressive strength 3–5 times greater than single-layer paper (per GB/T 6544-2008).
2. Specialized Applications
Security paper may incorporate embedded threads or reactive coatings.
Medical packaging often includes a polyethylene (PE) film layer to ensure microbial barrier properties.
III. Practical Methods for Layer Identification
1. Cross-Section Observation: Single-layer paper shows uniform fiber distribution at the edge, whereas multi-layer paper displays visible bonding interfaces.
2. Tear Test: Multi-layer paper tends to delaminate upon tearing, revealing separate plies; single-layer paper exhibits continuous fiber bridging.
3. Light Transmission Test: Multi-layer paper generally has lower translucency (e.g., banknote paper ≤15%) compared to standard paper (≥30%).
IV. Selection Guidance: Matching Structure to Application
Single-layer paper is best suited for high-speed printing, disposable packaging, and cost-sensitive printed materials.
Multi-layer paper is recommended for durable packaging, high-value labels, and applications requiring moisture, oil, or mechanical resistance.
