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1. **Mechanical Wood Pulp**
Mechanical wood pulp, also referred to as groundwood pulp, is a type of pulp produced through the mechanical grinding of fibrous raw materials. It plays a significant role in the papermaking industry due to its low production cost, simple manufacturing process, and desirable properties such as strong ink absorption, high opacity, and softness with a smooth texture, making it suitable for printing applications. However, the short fiber length and high content of non-cellulosic components result in relatively low paper strength. Additionally, since most lignin and other non-cellulosic substances in wood remain unremoved, the resulting paper tends to yellow and become brittle over time, limiting its long-term preservation potential. Mechanical wood pulp can be categorized into two types: white mechanical wood pulp and brown mechanical wood pulp. White mechanical wood pulp is primarily utilized for newsprint production and can also be blended with other pulps to manufacture writing and printing papers. Brown mechanical wood pulp is predominantly employed in the production of packaging paper and cardboard, particularly industrial-grade cardboard.
2. **Sulfate Wood Pulp**
Sulfate wood pulp is manufactured using a cooking agent composed of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. During the steaming and boiling process, the chemical solution acts gently on the fibers, minimizing erosion and enhancing their strength. Paper produced from sulfate wood pulp exhibits excellent folding resistance, tear resistance, and tensile strength. This pulp can be classified into bleached and unbleached varieties. Unbleached sulfate wood pulp is commonly used for producing kraft paper, paper bag paper, kraft linerboard, and general-purpose packaging paper and board. Bleached sulfate wood pulp is utilized for manufacturing high-quality printing paper, picture paper, offset paper, and writing paper.
3. **Sulphite Wood Pulp**
Sulphite wood pulp is produced using a cooking agent consisting of sulfurous acid and acidic sulfites. The fibers of this pulp are characterized by their long length, soft texture, good toughness, high strength, ease of bleaching, and excellent interweaving ability. Depending on the degree of refinement, sulphite wood pulp can be divided into three categories: unbleached, semi-bleached, and bleached. Unbleached pulp, containing a small amount of lignin and colored impurities, appears yellow with relatively hard fibers and is mainly used for producing medium-grade printing paper, thin packaging paper, semi-transparent paper, and greaseproof paper. Semi-bleached pulp, rich in polypentose, is employed for manufacturing transparent tracing paper and imitation parchment paper. Bleached pulp features white, pure, and soft fibers; however, due to the bleaching process, its fiber strength is slightly lower than that of unbleached pulp. This type of pulp is predominantly used for producing various high-quality papers.
4. **Waste Paper Pulp**
Waste paper pulp is derived from recycled waste paper or paper trimmings generated by printing factories. It is produced through mechanical stirring followed by bleaching or deinking processes. The fiber strength and properties of waste paper pulp depend on the type of pulp used in the original waste paper. Nevertheless, due to repeated exposure to chemical solutions or mechanical damage, the fibers exhibit inferior properties compared to their original state. Based on the quality of the raw waste paper, waste paper pulp is utilized for producing printing paper, writing paper, cardboard, and lower-grade paper products.
In addition to the aforementioned types of pulp, there are also rice straw pulp, reed pulp, bagasse pulp, bamboo pulp, cotton pulp, hemp pulp, and synthetic pulp, among others.
