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I. Classification by Application
Papers can be categorized into the following types based on their primary applications:
1. Packaging Paper
2. Printing Paper
3. Industrial Paper
4. Office and Cultural Paper
5. Household Paper
6. Specialty Paper
Packaging Paper
Examples include: white board paper, white card paper, kraft paper, corrugated paper, boxboard paper, tea board paper, parchment paper, cigarette paper, silicone oil paper, paper cup (bag) base paper, laminated paper, cellophane, greaseproof and moisture-proof paper, transparent paper, aluminum foil paper, label and trademark paper, fruit bag paper, black card paper, colored card paper, double grey paper, and grey board paper.
Among these:
Grey Card Paper
Paper with a basis weight of 250–400 g/m² or higher is classified as paperboard. Commonly used in rigid packaging, such paper is often referred to as grey card paper due to its grey-colored backside. It is widely employed in the production of folding cartons and packaging boxes.
Cover Board Paper
This category includes all types of offset-printable paperboards. In book and periodical printing, cover board paper is primarily used for hardcover book covers and photo album casings. Standard thicknesses are typically available in three grades: 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm.
White Cardstock
Compared to grey card paper, white cardstock features a white backside, although the core remains grey. A common specification is 250–400 g/m² (single-coated white board). Fully bleached variants-featuring white surfaces on both sides and a white core-are of higher quality, offering greater rigidity and superior print performance. These are also available in the 250–400 g/m² range.
Printing Paper
This category includes coated paper, newsprint, light coated paper, lightweight coated paper, offset paper, writing paper, dictionary paper, book paper, and various types of woodfree and semi-woodfree papers such as Douning paper, beige Douning paper, and ivory white Douning paper.
Key Subcategories:
Woodfree Paper
The correct technical term is "offset printing paper" or simply "offset paper."
Materials: Manufactured primarily from chemical wood pulp, bamboo pulp, rag pulp, or grass pulp. During production, sizing agents are applied to both sides to enhance surface properties. Fillers and binders are added before forming on a long-wire paper machine, followed by calendering. The resulting paper is near-neutral to slightly alkaline (pH ~7.0 or higher), with a basis weight ranging from 60 to 180 g/m².
Applications: Specifically engineered for offset printing, though also suitable for letterpress. It is considered a high-grade paper for book and magazine production, requiring strict control over dimensional stability, expansion rate, and surface strength. Ideal for printing high-quality book covers, texts, inserts, picture magazines, maps, promotional posters, color trademarks, and packaging materials.
Subclassification:
a) Double-sided Offset Paper: Ranging from 70 to 120 g/m², this type is available in three grades: Special Grade, No. 1, and No. 2. Special Grade and No. 1 are used for premium color printing, including art books, illustrated magazines, and fine art prints. No. 2 is suitable for general color printed materials.
b) Single-sided Offset Paper: Also available in Special Grade, No. 1, and No. 2. Mainly used for posters, calendars, New Year pictures, and similar applications.
Offset Paper
1. Materials
a) High-quality pulp is selected to ensure durability, excellent printability, and suitability for further processing into value-added products.
b) The manufacturing process involves coating both sides of the base paper during production to improve surface smoothness, ink receptivity, and elasticity.
2. Applications
a) Primarily used for high-quality monochrome or color printing on flatbed offset presses.
b) Widely used for textbooks, general books, magazines, catalogs, maps, calendars, covers, inserts, business cards, posters, manuals, notebooks, envelopes, official documents, color labels, and packaging materials.
Writing Paper
Often synonymous with lightweight offset paper, writing paper typically has a basis weight below 60 g/m². It is designed for handwriting (e.g., exercise books, account ledgers, record books) and single-color printing. Lightweight (18–80 g/m²) and cost-effective, it is commonly used in educational and administrative contexts.
Common Types:
- Notebook Writing Paper: Includes Jinhua Sheng Ivory White paper, beige Daolin paper, and acid-free paper. Typical weights are 80 g and 100 g.
- Sun Paper and White Cloud Paper (also known as ivory white paper): Known for excellent writing performance, these are preferred for premium notebooks.
- Beige Daolin Paper: Slightly yellowish in tone, designed for eye comfort during prolonged reading and writing.
- Acid-Free Paper: Less common and more expensive; offers enhanced longevity and resistance to degradation.
Lightweight Coated Paper
1. Made from recycled fibers, this paper exhibits high environmental sustainability, soft whiteness, and excellent opacity.
2. Suitable for instruction manuals, office documents, writing pads, and book interiors.
Newsprint
Also known as white paper, newsprint is available in roll or sheet form. With a basis weight of approximately 51 g/m², it is primarily used for printing newspapers and periodicals.
Coated Paper
1. The base paper is typically made from molded pulp, commonly referred to as "art paper" or "glossy paper." A pigment coating is applied to the surface and supercalendered to fill fiber pores, resulting in a smooth finish.
2. Offers a glossy, reflective surface with excellent print reproduction, ideal for fashion magazines and high-end color publications.
3. Susceptible to creasing; once folded, the marks are difficult to remove.
4. Common basis weights range from 105 to 300 g/m², with standard series ranging from 90 to 250 g/m².
5. Available as double-sided or single-sided coated variants. Graded into Special Grade, No. 1, and No. 2:
- Special Grade (>150 line screen): For high-resolution printing.
- No. 1 (120–150 line screen): For medium-resolution output.
- No. 2 (<120 line screen): For standard printing needs.
6. Matte Coated Paper (also known as "satin art paper" or "matt art paper"): Features a non-reflective surface achieved through special coating treatment.
Matte Coated Paper
Distinguished from glossy coated paper by its non-reflective surface on both sides. Commonly used in high-quality albums and art books, typically in the 105–300 g/m² range.
Dictionary Paper
Available in two grades (No. 1 and No. 2), with a basis weight of 25–50 g/m². Primarily used for printing dictionaries and compact reference books. Highly hygroscopic; slight moisture exposure may cause wrinkling.
Semi-Woodfree Paper
Mimics the appearance of woodfree paper but is manufactured using recycled fibers such as waste paper and rags.
Bible Paper
An ultra-thin paper made entirely from wood fiber pulp. Due to its traditional use in printing Bibles, it is commonly known as Bible paper in China. Characterized by low basis weight and high opacity, suitable for compact, high-page-count books.
Industrial Paper
Refers to specialized paper types requiring further processing for industrial applications. Examples include release paper, carbon paper, insulating paper, filter paper, test paper, capacitor paper, pressboard paper, dust-free paper, impregnated paper, sandpaper, and anti-rust paper.
Office and Cultural Paper
Includes tracing paper, drawing paper, copy paper, art paper, carbon paper, fax paper, printing paper, photocopy paper, photo paper, Xuan paper, thermal paper, color inkjet paper, film paper, and sulfate paper.
Copy Paper
The term "copy" is derived from the English word "copy," meaning duplication.
Characteristics:
1. Designed for multi-part forms and carbonless copying.
2. Semi-transparent, enabling visibility of underlying pages.
3. Frequently used in bookbinding as interleaving sheets for illustrations or portrait pages.
Household Paper
Includes toilet paper, facial tissues, napkins, diapers, sanitary napkins, and wet wipes.
Specialty Paper
Characterized by high quality, diverse types, and premium pricing. Includes specialty and decorative papers such as butter paper, steel antique paper, decorative base paper, water ripple paper, leather texture paper, metallic (gold/silver) card paper, patterned paper, and security/anti-counterfeiting paper.
Processed Papers: Examples include pearlescent paper and pearl paper.
Craft Paper
Includes traditionally produced papers such as Dongba paper from Yunnan, made from local plant fibers and flowers.
Additional Classifications
1. By Production Method
a) Handmade Paper: Produced manually using a mesh mold, each sheet is formed individually. Known for soft texture and high absorbency, it is ideal for calligraphy, painting, and fine printing (e.g., Chinese Xuan paper). However, handmade paper constitutes only a small fraction of total modern paper production.
b) Machine-Made Paper: Refers to paper produced via mechanical processes, including most commercial printing and packaging papers.
2. Recycled Paper
a) Defined as paper manufactured from recovered waste paper processed into recycled pulp, partially or fully replacing virgin wood pulp.
b) Typically unbleached or minimally processed, without optical brighteners or fluorescent agents, resulting in a natural off-white hue that reduces glare and supports visual comfort.
c) According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), paper must contain at least 50% post-consumer recycled fiber to be labeled as recycled paper. Currently, China lacks a national standard for recycled content labeling.
d) Industrial recycled paper often uses waste kraft paper boxes as raw material, while the grey linerboard in cardboard typically relies on mixed waste paper.
e) Recycled cultural paper-used for writing and printing-is produced from deinked waste paper and meets functional requirements comparable to virgin fiber paper.
3. Acid-Free Paper
a) Manufactured without active acids. Plant fiber pulp undergoes chemical treatment to neutralize organic acids before being formed into paper. The result is durable, strong, and near-neutral to alkaline (pH ≥ 7.0).
b) Used for archival packaging and equipment manufacturing to prevent acid-induced degradation of sensitive materials.
c) Acid content is a key determinant of paper longevity. Under normal storage conditions, acid-free paper can last up to 200 years.
d) In contrast, newspapers are printed on acidic paper. Even under optimal storage, they degrade within 20 years; exposure to sunlight and air accelerates deterioration to just a few weeks.
